Embryonic Stem Cells for Research- Right or Wrong

Embryonic Stem Cells for Research- Right or Wrong There have been a lot of controversies regarding the latest stem cell research in recent days. People have been publishing a lot about this issue and it is all over the media lately. It has aggregated some religious groups in the world and they have been very stern towards the issue.Here is my point of view regarding this issue: Unlike other cells in our body, each of which is specialized to perform a particular function, Stem cells are characterized by the ability to renew themselves by the mitosis division and differentiate in to a diverse range of specialized cells types thereby offering medical treatment to wide range of debilitating diseases. This new area of biotechnology seems to be a major breakthrough with the same potential to change the health care as the discovery of antibiotics more than 70 years ago which gave hope to millions.But unfortunately this radical area of biology has fraught with ethical issues and controversie s which had made the process of development slow. There are two sources for obtaining stem cells, one from the layer of cells of embryo in the blast cyst stage, these are called the embryonic stem cells and the other from the adult tissues called the adult stem cells. When the stem cells are retracted from the embryo, the embryo is completely destroyed. This is where the controversies begin. According to the critics, extracting stem cells from the embryo is like killing, it is a murder. In fact some religions in the world strictly prohibit it.But I think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. It is for the betterment of the humans and very beneficial for the society. As I feel that these stem cells have been used to save human lives and has enormous benefits. This stem cell therapy is used for the treatment of various dreadful diseases like Parkinson disease, diabetes, Alzheimer etc which does not have any cure even in the recent days. This stem cell therapy is considered to be better than organ transplant which gives rise to various infections. Moreover it also give rise to other issues like availability of the donors, tissue rejection etc.Immunosuppressant drugs are given to the patients in to have under gone transplant making them more vulnerable to other infectious diseases. Hence embryonic stem cells have significant medical potential and can lead to numerous social advantages. Other alternatives to embryonic stem cells are adult stem cells which are found in the normal differentiated tissues in the human body and therefore are very hard to extract. Also they are less effective as compared to the embryonic stem cells Embryo is the stage in very first few weeks of the pregnancy.That is the time when even heart of the baby hasn’t been transformed. Many people feel that embryos are not equivalent to human life as they can’t still swim out of the womb, so using them can’t be called killing. So I feel that killing something that is bar ely alive in order to save numerous human lives is justifiable. Therefore according to me, embryonic stem cells should be allowed for research purposes as they possess many advantages and can lead to major breakthroughs in the future. Who knows the word organ- transplant would just be history. by Makkiya Amanullah, Riyadh Saudi Arabia

National Push for Accountability in Schools

The pace of change dictates that schools should provide high quality learning standards to students. It requires that the school system should improve their learning approaches to enhance academic achievements of students. In this connection policymakers at the federal, state, and local levels have worked to increase accountability of the school system on the premise that the same plays a vital role in improving learning standards of students and society as well. This then pave the way to the recognition of evaluation of school performance to improve standards of learning and achievements of students.The system of accountability requires schools to define what students should know and be able to do and to measure progress and gaps in students’ achievement. It facilitates the attainment of the desired education standards anchored on quality content and high learning standards. Developing appropriate content and student achievement standards are accordingly important part of sho wing policymakers and the public a return on their educational investment. However, accountability of schools for students learning and achievement is impossible without a clear, focused road map on the achievement standards and what and how well students are to learn from kindergarten through graduation.Many states have developed content and achievement standards without involving stakeholders and teachers. They also have not considered how their standards are to be implemented, measured and tied to accountability. Developing content and student achievement standards without considerable contribution and input from a variety of sources is fatal as there is no sense of ownership as well as responsibility from the stakeholders and agencies not represented. The standards set are then viewed as bias and one-sided thereby defeating its purpose and rendering weak implementation of the system.Accountability system utilizes results from standardized tests to evaluate performance of student s and schools, and provide sanctions, rewards or interventions for schools, educators or students. This system involves consistent monitoring and evaluation of the students’ and schools’ performance that it requires active participation of the educators, parents, stakeholders, and policy makers. The ripple effect of the system requires that these concerned people and stakeholders should be consistently committed to the purpose, implementation, and evaluation in order to keep track of students and schools’ performance and eventually facilitate desired continuous improvement of schools’ performance standards.According to Kate Nolan (2002), â€Å"it is not enough to believe that all children can learn. All elements of the system must be held accountable for the success of all children†.   The effect of the accountability system in school is all encompassing that Kate Nolan further noted that, â€Å"the improvement in school performance requires imp rovement in all stakeholders’ performance†. Thus change in the system should not be an isolated case for the school sector but also on the part of the stakeholders as accountability requires their active participation and commitment for the system to work.It is noted that the accountability system is designed to be a tool for instituting changes in schools that would positively benefit the students, parents, community and the country in general. This system provides opportunities and avenues for joint effort of all people and agencies concerned to raise the standards of the education system thereby improving school performance and learning of the students. The intention of the program is indeed noble and reflects an effort to bring education system to respond to the fast changing demands of the learning community, yet a lot of areas need thorough consideration and re-evaluation.According to Chuch Poochigian, â€Å"the education system reforms undertaken in the past yea rs have greatly enhanced the ability of the parents to monitor the performance of their children as well as of the school where they are enrolled, however, the only way that the drive for accountability in education will be truly successful is if parents utilize the new tools offered to them to ensure that their children receive quality education.† This statement should give one an idea that accountability should not be limited to the school sector only.According to Douglas B. Reeves (2002), â€Å"accountability must be viewed in a different way. It must consider and address the issues in congruence of the objectives and the strategies, specificity, relevance, respect for diversity, continuous improvement, and focus on achievement, not norms.† Accountability system is highly complex and involves a range of interconnected issues and design as well as technical issues on the implementation and evaluation aspect that needs further thorough study and reconsideration.Also it must be noted that no matter how enlightened or elegant the assessment devices, if the focus is limited to gathering and reporting data rather than skillful use of those data for learning and achievement enhancement of students, little improvement to school performance will result. Thus, the best way to know whether an accountability system is working is to see whether the school system it accounts for is moving from where it was to where it wants to be. From its first implementation, an accountability system requires not only internal implementation but also external monitoring.Indeed the national push for accountability dignifies the need to improve standards of school performance and would greatly benefit the students but the approach is insufficient and has undesirable side effects. Schools do not per se reject accountability as the same is an intrinsic responsibility, but an authentic approach to accountability must be formulated. A new set of principles must be created to gui de the reconstruction of accountability systems to better meet the needs of education and students, and to avoid the dangers often associated with current accountability systems. Further, collaboration and supportive effort of the school, stakeholders and policymakers must be promoted.Reference ListNolan, K. (2002). Excerpts from using accountability to build strong schools. EducationCommission of States. Retrieved February 20, 2007 from http://www.ecs.orgPoochigian, C. School accountability reforms. Retrieved February 23, 2007 fromhttp://www.reasons.org/pb34.pdf.Reeves, D. (2002). Accountability based-reforms should lead to a better teaching andlearning-period. Harvard Education System. Retrieved February 20, 2007 fromhttp://www.edletter.org/past/issues2002-ma/reeves.shtml.

Energy Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Energy Conservation - Essay Example Use of fossil fuel to generate electricity is the largest contributor of carbon emission (Shorrock & Dunster, 2008 p.134). In property industries across the United Kingdom, emissions of carbon are due to different household chores such as, lighting, cooling, heating homes during winter and use of machines especially those that could be powered by electricity. In industries, carbon could be emitted through activities such as mining, manufacturing and construction. For example, the chemical industries, food industries, paper and mineral production, petroleum refining and primary metal production. These industries consume energy in vast quantities (Terry 2011, p.23). The United Kingdom is committed in reducing its carbon emission, and it has taken a number of steps in order to ensure that it keeps up with the fight against carbon emissions. The main ones include: Carbon Budget, CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme and Climate Change agreements. Carbon Budget would be established to curb green h ouse gas emission for a given period in the United Kingdom; the government would be committed in cutting the discharge by 80% by 2050. The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme would be aimed at cutting emissions and achieving energy efficiency in the United Kingdom. The Climate Change Agreements entails conventions of the government with the energy intensive industries. Other strategies that the government has established to reduce emission of green house gases such as carbon emission include; carbon capture and storage, carbon offsetting, carbon valuation, carbon neutrality, climate change levy, climate change policy and regulations and European Union emission trading scheme (Miller 2008, p.150). Application of Issues to Property and Construction Industries Energy conservation should be enhanced in different areas where carbon could be extremely emitted. The greatest carbon emitted, could be due to burning of fossil fuel to generate electricity. Electricity in the United Kingdom could be c ommonly used in industries, construction, residential as well as transportation sector (Ellerman 2010, p.30). Conservation of Energy in Property Energy consumed in homes should be conserved for sustainability. This entails efficiency use of energy in a manner that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. This need may comprise of using energy for lighting, heating homes, cooling and use of appliance especially those powered by electricity (Cline 2002 p.76). Energy could be used for heating homes especially during winter and cooling during summer. In United Kingdom, energy conservation could be enhanced by the establishment of Energy Saving Trust. Its mandate is to examine tips and advice on how one can reduce the energy bills as well check reduced carbon emission to the atmosphere. It also provides guidance on products that meets the criterion of energy efficiency and add label for easy access during shopping (Lern er, 2008 p.32). a) Heating On heating and hot water in homes, the trust provides tips to for energy efficiency use such as understanding the heating system. The UK governments have ensured that all homes use electric storage heater or the boiler and radiator. The electric storage heater could be discouraged due to its deep emission of carbon. It heats up water during at night when electricity is off-peak and at lower cost. Use of central heating could be highly regarded by the UK government

Community Assessment- Forest Hills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Assessment- Forest Hills - Assignment Example This has left the small entities with no option but to operate the hard away. For instance, the small businesses are forced to offer their services at lower prices compared to Forest Hills. Most sociologists who have studied health beliefs accept that public thoughts on illness and health vary depending on social circumstance and immediate material in which individuals are captured. These situations can limit the probabilities of actions to change lifestyle that is unhealthy. Moreover, strategies of health promotion have in a long time assumed persuading people to live a healthy life was aimed at transforming the attitudes of individuals. Nevertheless, opposing living standards to fatalism is misunderstanding the situation on the ground for most individuals. Reaches carried have it that: very few informants who believed in randomness made them ignore or deny the possibility of life change benefits. Relatively, a pervasive recognition in death and illness field exists with a logical approach of taking suitable care. (Davison et

Pharmacological Management of Major Depression in Older Adults Using Essay

Pharmacological Management of Major Depression in Older Adults Using Selective Serotonin-Reuptakes Inhibitors - Essay Example They have minimal effect on noradrenalin and dopamine activity, compared to the tricyclics or MAOIs. Some of the drugs, like fluoxetine, have a mood elevating effect when used in healthy individuals. Fluoxetine drug has the longest half-life amongst all approved SSRIs with drug and side effects persisting up to six weeks after the termination of therapy. Introduction Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter, a local hormone in the gut, a component of the platelet clotting process, and is thought to play a role in migraine headache. Serotonin is also one of the mediators of the signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, an usual manifestation of carcinoid tumor, a neoplasm of enterochromaffin cells. Patients with non-operable tumor, take serotonin antagonist for a useful treatment. The diagnosis of depression still rests primarily on the clinical interview. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by depressed mood most of the time for at least 2 weeks and/ or loss of interes t or pleasure in most activities. Additionally, depression is associated with sleep, as well as diet disturbances and deficits in cognition and energy. Thoughts of guild, worthlessness and suicide are common. Coronary artery disease, diabetes and stroke appear to be more common in depressed patients and depression may considerably worsen the prognosis for patients with a variety of comorbid medical conditions (Katzang, 2009; Rang, 2009; Kaushik, 2011). Reports by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlight the fact that antidepressant drugs were the most commonly prescribed medications in the USA. It is observed that American physicians have been increasingly inclined to use antidepressants to treat a host of conditions that patients have been increasingly receptive to their use. Major depression is commonly associated with a variety of medical conditions from chronic pain to coronary artery disease, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) specifically in older individuals or other related old age diseases which enhances the burden of depressive thoughts and also affects the quality or life. All these reasons paved the way for growth in the use of antidepressants ( Katzang, 2009; Rang, 2009). Comparison of SSRIs with Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) - The first line of antidepressant treatment suggested for elderly population involves SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors). There are weak facts for this suggestion as studies carried out highlight the comparative usefulness, protection, acceptability, as well as success of SSRIs and TCAs suggesting that there are a few optional returns of both these drugs over one another. Moreover, there is always a potential danger of falls which is prevalent in elderly patients, hyponatremia, loss of weight and sexual dysfunction, as well as drug-drug interactions. Therefore, SSRIs and TCAs must be prescribed by physician s for elderly patients considering frequency and severity of depression (Herrmann, 2000). Pathophysiology of Major Depression Observations reveal that there is a tremendous shift that has been witnessed for understanding the pathophysiology of major depression. Initially, the amount of monoamines was considered to be the central to the biology of depression. Evidence suggests that neurotrophic and endocrine factors

Why is liberal art important and necessary Research Paper

Why is liberal art important and necessary - Research Paper Example The liberal arts subjects are drawn from the major branches of the liberal arts. These include the social sciences which cover such subjects as sociology, geography, economics, political science, and anthropology. Another branch of the liberal arts is known as the humanities which cover literature, languages, history, and philosophy. The third branch is the creative arts – theater, fine art, creative writing and others. All these broad subjects are what are known as the liberal arts and they are, as you can see, quite wide and varied. They are usually available to students at an undergraduate level right at the beginning and at more advanced levels as we move up the higher education chain (Sigurdson 14). Why do I think these subjects are important? Liberal arts are not designed to equip you or enable you to specialize in a specific profession. Rather, they are there to prepare the students for life in the working world. Liberal arts equip you with the ability, first and foremo st, to have lifelong learning. Learning does not just end in the classroom or after graduation. It is a process through which we acquire knowledge skills and expertise throughout our life. It is, therefore, necessary for one to have courses that equip you to do exactly that – essentially be a student for life, learning and adapting to new knowledge, new aspects of life and learning how to adapt, live and even thrive with change. The liberal arts also give one the ability and capacity for free thinking. It teaches the student how to think, how to question and how to expand your horizons. The liberal arts also enable one to communicate effectively. It is not just a matter of learning how to speak a foreign language or two – though that is also covered in liberal arts – but how to interpret nonverbal communications, how to communicate in cultures other than your own, and how to express yourself in contexts that are different from your traditional ones (Sigurdson 18 ). The liberal arts give students a chance to not only explore and get their head round a large variety of subjects but also an ability to look at the world, themselves and others in a totally new light. It gives students an appreciation of different points of view and different modes of thought. It is an opportunity to learn about the evolution of human society, how it started out, how it came through civilization, what civilization is all about and what in the world has changed and how it has changed since this civilization came about. In liberal arts one learns what previous generations have learned, thought and experienced. What questions did they ask? What answers did the great philosophers seek? Liberal arts give you an opportunity to wrestle with abstract concepts and ideas. There arose questions such as: What is beauty and how does one decide that something is beautiful and the other one is not? Does this colour or make-up look good on me? How did our history shape us and ou r thinking? How did we interact with the environment and what impact has it had on us and us about it? What acts constitute sexual harassment in the workplace and why and how should they be reported? Thus, liberal arts result in a person who has a more rounded appreciation of himself, others and his environment. A classic story is told to explain the importance of the liberal arts.Three blind men who were told to touch an elephant and then describe what it looked like. The first one touched the elephant’s main body and decided because it was so big, this creature must be like a wall. The second blind man touched the elephant’s tusk and after racing it all the way to the tip, decided that the elephant must be shaped like a

One Missed Call by Takashi Miike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One Missed Call by Takashi Miike - Essay Example One Missed Call is the story of a college student Yumi Nakamura whose friend Yoko receives a phone call with a ring tone she has never heard before. The message is dated three days in the future with her own voice saying "It's started raining." This is followed by a spine-chilling scream and after some days the events heard in the message actually happen and Yoko dies a gruesome death. Several other victims receive similar messages on their cell phones dated a day or two in the future and die violent deaths. The story is about Yumi tracking down the source of these calls with the help of a man whose sister was the first victim to die. Their pursuit leads them to a girl who has died of asthma and her abusive mother. In One Missed Call one finds all the clichà ©s of J-Horror films such as shock, horror and torture, but the director here uses them effectively and scares the audience with some imaginative twists. The scenes may be familiar with fingers coming out of cupboards, crawling shadows, girls with bulging eyes trembling in corners and scary sound effects. Scenes such as a resurrect corpse chasing Ko Shiasaki in the abandoned hospital manage to shock the audience. The victims are tortured by the horror of the messages that they receive on their cell phones. The killings shown are gruesome and graphic in detail. Takashi Miike excels in scaring the audience. The best sequence of the movie is the reality television show where a terrified girl who has received the fatal message is forced by some TV producers.

Defining my Leadership Direction (Three leadership goals) Essay

Defining my Leadership Direction (Three leadership goals) - Essay Example My perspective as a leader borrows from my short stints of work experience, and has intellect from emerging topics such how to cope with emotional intelligence, to lead virtual teams, and even open up innovations. That is the leader I see myself as informed through Daft in his leadership experience. In my leadership path, I am proud of what I believe in and endeavor to seize opportunities (Daft & Lane, 2008). My personal leadership goals in architect engineering include increasing influence and leading others, increasing my knowledge, and improving my skills and interpersonal skills. A good leader never stops learning hence increasing my knowledge in architect engineering traces back to my experiences. I have gained my experience through community service, architect engineering, financial services and business, and administrative assistant position (Daft & Lane, 2008). All these are avenues where I have taken to known the sort of leader I can be. The path of experience has helped in identifying the areas I want to improve on, such as acquisition of specific skill set or my personal innate abilities. These have contributed into being a well-rounded and valuable leader. It is very important to learn from the past and harnessing all the knowledge and experience for my successful future. I never stop learning, which means I am always excited for every task and opportunity. I believe that optimistic is one of the most important aspect for work and for my life in general. Therefore, every valuable contribution and effective work I do needs to start from inside me at t he first place. According to Daft, attending to industry relevant experiences like my time in Mabnya for Contracting is my path to acquiring effective competence (Daft & Lane, 2008). I have also found myself attached to other valuable activities all in the pursuit to improve my knowledge as a goal in leadership role. For example, I have had a hand in business process analysis and reporting, work time

Definition of Common Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Definition of Common Law - Term Paper Example The name "common law" is also used to refer to the conventional and long established, precedent-based element in the law of any common-law jurisdiction, as disparate to its statutory law or legislation. As well it the term common law is also used to signify that part of the legal system that did not develop out of equity, maritime law, or other special branches of practice. (Eldon) In addition to England, common law is practiced in all of Canada except Quebec and all of the United States except Louisiana. All of these areas follow common law and U.S. state statutes usually provide that the common law, equity, and statutes in effect in England in 1603, the first year of the reign of James I, shall be deemed part of the law of the jurisdiction. (Homes) Decisions of the English courts that were made later only have persuasive authority. There are particular characteristics and features of common law that distinguish it from other types of law. The one feature that distinguishes common law is the fact that it represents the law of the courts as expressed in judicial decisions. "The grounds for deciding cases are found in precedents provided by past decisions, as contrasted to the civil law system, which is based on statutes and prescribed texts." (Holmes) In addition, the system of judicial precedents, other characteristics of common law include trial by jury and the doctrine of the supremacy of the law. In the beginning, the supremacy of the law meant that not even the king was above the law; however today it can be translated as meaning that acts of governmental agencies are subject to scrutiny in ordinary legal proceedings. Judicial precedents gain their force from the doctrine of stare decisis [Lat., =stand by the decided matter], i.e., that the previous decisions of the highest court in the jurisdiction are binding on all other courts in the jurisdiction. (Holmes) However, in the when conditions change they make most decisions inapplicable except as a basis for an analogy, and a court must consequently frequently look to the judicial experience of the rest of the English-speaking world. "This gives the system flexibility, while general acceptance of certain authoritative materials provides a degree of stability." (Eldon) On the other hand in many occurrences, the courts have failed to keep speed with social developments. As a result of this, it has become necessary to enact statutes to bring about needed changes. Without a doubt in recent years statutes have superseded a great deal of common law. This is especially true in the fields of commercial, administrative, and criminal law. Characteristically, however, in statutory interpretation, the courts have recourse to the doctrines of common law. (Eldon) In consequence increased legislation has limited but has not ended judicial supremacy. Â  

Interpretive Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interpretive Paper - Assignment Example In this sentence, the active verbs that have been identified include take, go, and offer. In this sentence, the cause and the effect have also been displayed. The cause in this case is taking your son where as the effect is offering the son as a sacrifice. In the third verse, Abraham woke up early in the morning, has his ass saddled, then took two young men and his son. The first observation in this sentence is a list. The list is identified when Abraham took two men and Isaac. The sentence shows out some active verbs including rose, took, cut, arose, and went3. The passive voice that has been displayed is saddled. In the third verse, Abraham lifts up his eyes and found out that the place was a far off. After this Abraham told his young men to remain with the ass as he and the lad went yonder to worship the Lord. Abraham took the burnt offering, wood, and had it laid on Isaac his son. He then took a knife and fire in his hands. At this instant, Isaac asked the father where the lamb w as as they already had wood and the fire4. Abraham responded to his son’s question by ensuring him that the lamb for the sacrifice would be given out by God. They then went ahead together. In this regard, the lamb is a figurative speech. The lamb represents a sacrifice of salvation that the human race need to give it willingly to God. Another observation in these sentences is the use of passive and active verb. Some of the active verbs include stay, go and worship among other verbs. After arriving at the place where God had directed Abraham, he established an alter, laid the wood, bound his son Isaac, laid him on the alter on the wood5. This statement represents a list of items such as establishing an alter, laying wood, and bounding Isaac. After this, Abraham took a knife and was ready to slay Isaac. Before he slaid his son, an angel from the God called him and asked him not to do anything to him, as the Lord had already confirmed that Abraham feared the Lord from the fact t hat he did withhold his only son. When Abraham looked behind him, there was a ram. He took the ram then offered it as a sacrifice. He then named that place that God would provide. Then the Angel of God called Abraham the second time. He said to him that, though, he had sworn because Abraham did that, and did not withhold his only son. He added that he will bless him, multiply his descendants, like heaven stars, and as the seashore sand. He also added that Abraham descendants would possess their enemies’ gates. Abraham descendants in all the earth nations would bless themselves as Abraham had obeyed God. After this Abraham returned towards his young men and they rose, went together to Beer-Sheba thus Abraham lived in Beer-sheba. The main topic in this chapter is that God normally tests his people. In the chapter, Abraham was tested by God. His name was changed from Abram which meant exalted father towards Abraham that meant a multitude’s father6. In this chapter, God as ks Abraham to pursue something that was going to tamper with his new name. The words ‘Here I am’ is an idiom from Hebrews that in meant to mean availability. The next words to identify is ‘the land of Moriah’ that could be interpreted to mean the land of worship. A burnt offering is a term of Hebrews that could be replaced by the term holocaust which implies a sacrifice that is totally burned7. When Abraham work up early in the morning, it means there was no hesitation in walking up that

The Coffee Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Coffee Crisis Essay Introduction In 2011, Diego Comin, Associate Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, revised his 2009 case study on the Great Moderation (reproduced by permission for Capella University, 2011). The case explores whether or not the Great Moderation, defined by investopedia. com as â€Å"the period of decreased macroeconomic volatility experienced in the United States since the 1980’s [during which] the standard deviation of quarterly real GDP declined by half, and the standard deviation of inflation declined by two-thirds (para.1)† is still in effect. This paper will use evidence from research in a draft by Pancrazi and Vukotic (2011) that proposes â€Å"macroeconomic variables in the last thirty years have not only experienced a reduction in their overall volatility, but also an increase in their persistence (p. 2). † The 2011 research paper also purports that â€Å"by using a New-Keynesian macroeconomic model the responsiveness of output variance to changes in the monetary policy decreases with an increase in the persistence of technology (p. 2). † The result, according to Pancrazi and Vukotic, is an â€Å"overestimate† of the monetary influence and authority to â€Å"smooth out the real economic dynamics (p. 2). † The Great Moderation and the The Great Recession. Comin, in â€Å"The Great Moderation, Dead or Alive? † (Capella, 2011), quotes Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve: reduced macroeconomic volatility has numerous benefits. Lower volatility of inflation improves market functioning, makes economic planning easier, and reduces the resources devoted to hedging inflation risks. Lower volatility of output tends to imply more stable employment and a reduction in the extent of economic uncertainty confronting households and firms. The reduction in the volatility of output is also closely associated with the fact that recessions have become less frequent and less severe (p. 17). † Comin points out that these conditions existed until the Great Recession of 2007 when the U. S. and other countries experienced the longest period of recession and â€Å" the largest GDP contraction in the U. S. since the Great Depression (p. 17). In â€Å"Overlooking the Great Moderation, Consequences for the Monetary Policy† (2011), the researchers hypothesize that the â€Å"Great Moderation might have been fertile ground for the recent recession (p. 3), in that technology caused an â€Å"increased persistence in the macroeconomic variables (p. 4). † Macroeconomic Observations. To summarize Comin’s (2011) account of macroeconomic activity in the U. S between 1930 and 2010, when observing the GDP during this period, he says, â€Å"it is clear that since around 1984 it has been harder to observe large deviations from the average growth rate (p.17). † When examining other macroeconomic variables, Comin says that hours worked, consumption, investment, labor productivity, and total factor productivity (TFP), have, for the most part, â€Å"experienced stabilization by roughly the same magnitude, [where] the stock market has not stabilized significantly. If anything, it has become more volatile over the last few decades (p. 18). † Pancrazi and Vukotic focus their research on â€Å"studying the behavior of the total factor productivity (TFP) before and after the Great Moderation (p.4)†¦[by] using a basic New-Keynesian model featuring imperfect completion and price stickiness, [to ascertain] whether a change in the persistence of TFP affects the responsiveness of the real variables to the monetary policy (p. 6). † Their observations include an examination of the stability of TFP and an assessment that â€Å"a higher Microeconomic impact of the coffee crisis. The case study conveys that â€Å"coffee was the main source of income for roughly 25 million farmers, mostly small land holders, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia (p.1). † The coffee crisis created immense hardship for these small producers; â€Å"in some countries, farmers had been forced to take their children out of school and put them to work (p. 1). † One of the consequences of the coffee crisis that was less publicized was how larger farms and their workers were devastated. Large farms generally do not use non-cash family workers, like many of the smaller farmers do; as a result of the crisis, many workers were laid off, subsequently putting larger farms completely out of business. (Price, 2003) Where some producers chose to get out of the coffee business and venture into unknown territory with a new crop, others either attempted to break into the coffee â€Å"niche† market or decrease their outputs. (Line Tickell, 2003) In the ICO report on the impact the coffee crisis has had on poverty, the socio-economic impact reported by the respondent countries is filled with narratives that describe families and farmers who worked in the coffee industry unable to pay for medicine, food, and other essentials. Families are also reported to have migrated to cities, where there is typically no work for skilled farmers; some countries report that workers have migrated leaving their families behind. (Osorio, 2003) Solutions for long term sustainability. The case study presents an outline of solutions recommended by the ICO, Technoserve (as reported to the Inter-American Development Bank) and Oxfam. â€Å"The Coffee Crisis† states that, according to Oxfam, â€Å"the long run solution†¦was a commitment to ‘fair trade’†¦ a system in which a buyer in the first world agrees to pay third-world producers enough to support a decent living (p.5). † Oxfam says that â€Å"the fair trade movement was designed to provide an assured income and other benefits to the farmers associated with it (Line Tickell, 2003, p. 8). † Technoserve believes the following â€Å"three areas offer the highest potential for sustainable impact: 1. Increasing coffee consumption in producer countries and emerging market countries; 2. Assisting unprofitable producers of high-quality Arabica to move into higher-priced specialty coffees; and 3. Helping regions with a high concentration of marginal coffee producers who cannot differentiate their product or compete on price to diversify into other products and industries (para. 15 16). † In June, 2004, Nestor Osorio of the ICO presented to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) a report titled: â€Å"Lessons Learned from the Coffee Crisis: A Serious Problem for Sustainable Development. † In it he outlines the economic strategies he believed would prevent a future crisis and assist coffee producer toward long-term sustainability. Two proposed policies address the supply-demand problem: 1. To use the experience of the coffee crisis to create awareness – best achieved through the ICO – in national and international bodies of the danger of embarking on any projects or programmes (sic) which will further increase supply; and 2. Working to increase the benefits accruing from value-added products rather than traditional bulk commodity exports. Osorio recognizes the importance of â€Å"the need for market development to increase demand (p. 5)† also. He says that projects intended to benefit the supply chain should include actions from farmer to consumer, as well as farmer to exporter. These include: 1. â€Å"Support for the ICO’s Quality-Improvement Programme as a means of improving consumer appreciation and consumption of coffee; 2. Action to increase consumption in coffee-producing countries themselves, which should have a number of positive effects such as providing an alternative market outlet, increasing producer awareness of consumer preferences, stimulation of small and medium enterprises, etc. as well as acting to increase demand; 3. Action to enhance knowledge and appreciation of coffee in large emerging markets such as Russia and China, following the successful ICO campaigns in the 1990s; and 4. Protecting consumption levels in traditional markets through quality maintenance, development of niche markets and dissemination of positive information on the health benefits of coffee consumption. (p. 5-6). † Conclusion The coffee market has been described as an â€Å"imperfect market; a market that in recent years has failed – both in human and economic terms (Lines Tickell, 2003, p. 8). † The coffee crisis illuminated the impact the market had on international trade, national economies, businesses and families many in underdeveloped, low income countries. Because the regions where coffee can be grown are also many times third-world or repressed countries, coffee production is considered a humanitarian concern as well as an economic issue. Where an organization like Technoserve may lean toward business partnership solutions for the coffee industry, and Oxfam may concentrate on the humanitarian perspective, the International Coffee Organization appears to have taken a balanced approach in presenting the plight of coffee producers from both altruistic and economic perspectives. Where it is understood that many depressed areas and nations depend on coffee crops for sustenance, the ICO has taken a stand that the lessons learned from the coffee crisis must be solved with the tenets of economics, coupled with social responsibility, if families, farms, businesses and coffee-producing nations are going to achieve long-term sustainability. References Capella University. (Eds. ). (2011). MBA6008: Global Economic Environment. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Lines, T. , Tickell, S. (2003, May 1). Walk the Talk, Oxfam International Briefing Paper, May, 2003. Oxfam International | Working together to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from www. oxfam. org/sites/www. oxfam. org/files/walk. pdf Osorio, N. (2002). ICO. org Documents/Global Crisis. International Coffee Organization. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from dev. ico. org/documents/globalcrisise. pdf Osorio, N. (2003). ICO. org Documents/G-8. International Coffee Organization. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from dev. ico. org/documents/g8e. pdf Osorio, N. (2004). ICO. org Documents/UNCTAD. International Coffee Organization. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from dev. ico. org/documents/UNCTAD. pdf Prince, M. (2003, December 3). CoffeeGeek Coffee Crisis:TechnoServe Releases Fact-Based Industry Analysis. CoffeeGeek News, Reviews, Opinion and Community for Coffee and Espresso. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from http://coffeegeek. com/resources/pressreleases/technoservedec42003.

The problem of Brain-drain Essay Example for Free

The problem of Brain-drain Essay Brian Drain refers the situation when highly qualified and trained people leave a country to permanently settle in some other country. It is also referred to as Human capital flight. The problem of Brain-drain, in our age, has become very elusive. The developing countries like India are desperately in need of talents, especially in the field of science and technology but for one reason or the other the talents and fleeing their countries, leaving their native lands impoverished in the process. Thus it is an extremely serious problem, for on the solution of it depends upon the destiny of the poorer countries. India can be taken as an instance in point. After independence this country is engaged in difficult struggle against poverty. But struggles cannot be launched in papers; they require armies of trained personnel – the scientists, technical knowhow and specialists in the field of planned development. If, instead of contributing to the prosperity of India, the Indian scientists, research scholars, engineers, doctors and economists immigrate to other countries, it is difficult to see how India can implement her development plans and attain her goal of prosperity. In ancient times the scholars of one country visited neighboring countries, and they often stayed there for years, both learning and teaching. The great scholars of China and Persia and other scholars from the West visited India during her prosperous days in the past and wrote memoirs which are precious materials for Indian history. But these were not considered brain drain then. For when Hiuen Tsang came to India or Shilbhadra visited Tibet, staying there for many years, their absence from their own countries did not make much difference. On the contrary, their experiences and wisdom gained from their visits enriched their countries. Such exchanges benefited the countries in those days and built a bridge of understanding and amity when communication between even the neighbours was not easy. In the under-developed countries like India, the ambitious and highly educated people found it very difficult to climb the peak, for the obstacles were many and the bureaucratic bungling was irritating. Hence, the alarming exodus started in the fifties and in the seventies the brain-drain appeared  to be complete. Hundred of talents emigrated to the U.S.A. and Europe which assured them of great opportunities for getting to the top, of secure and comfortable living, of satisfaction and of glory in their respective fields. If the emigrants could have all those assurances they would not think of fleeing their country. But the problem is that a developing country like India could hardly afford to accommodate so many ambitious people, nor could the scope be made broad enough to secure affluence for all. Some of them, after training and experiences in foreign countries, return home with individual drams and when they fail to fit in with the evolving patterns at home, despair drives them away again. But India needs these professionally trained people, so they should be persuaded to stay in India and be content with less lucrative jobs. When India is rich enough to reward them, they would not find much to complain about. All these people are among the fortunate few, enjoying the privilege of education, while some eighty percent of Indians languish in dark hovels – poor, ignorant and superstitious. It is they duty and responsibility of those privileged few to take them out of the morass, instead of jointing the mad rush for careerism. There may be many obstacles in their way, but their dedicated services and patriotic zeal will help them rise above them and restore to India her lost glory.

The importance of vocabulary knowledge

The importance of vocabulary knowledge Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and motivation The aim of the present thesis is to investigate the relationship between EFL learners depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge[1] and the extent to which vocabulary knowledge contributes to listening comprehension in English as a foreign language[2]. Over the last 20 years vocabulary has assumed a more prominent role within the field of second language acquisition research, and vocabulary is no longer a neglected aspect of language learning as it was designated by Paul Meara in 1980. While researchers in applied linguistics were previously concerned mainly with the development of learners grammatical, and to some extent phonological, competence, more attention is now being paid to their lexical competence. This has happened as a consequence of the growing realisation that lexical competence forms an important part of learners communicative competence in a foreign language. As observed by McCarthy (1990: viii) in the introduction to his book Vocabulary: No matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of L2 are mastered, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in an L2 just cannot happen in any meaningful way. The importance of vocabulary knowledge in communicative competence has similarly been stressed by Meara who has argued that lexical competence is at the heart of communicative competence (1996a: 35) and that vocabulary knowledge is heavily implicated in all practical language skills (Meara and Jones, 1988: 80). In order to fully uncover the role of vocabulary knowledge in second language use, we therefore need to explore the extent to which it contributes to different language skills. The above claims by Meara have been solidly supported by findings from a considerable number of empirical studies investigating the relationship between learners vocabulary knowledge and their reading comprehension. Such studies have found that vocabulary knowledge is a significant determinant of reading success in L1 as well as L2. However, as will be come evident in the present thesis, very little research has addressed the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and the skill of listening in L2 and, at present, we can only tentatively assume that vocabulary knowledge will also play some kind of role in learners listening comprehension in English as a foreign language. Research of the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and listening is important as findings from studies of reading cannot automatical ly be applied to listening despite the fact that reading and listening are both receptive skills. The present study is thus motivated by a critical lack of empirical research on the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension and by the resultant need to explore the extent to which learners vocabulary knowledge will contribute to their listening success in L2. A prerequisite for exploring the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and listening, or any other language skill, is a clear notion of what is involved in being lexically competent in a foreign language. A further motivation behind the study therefore springs from the need to gain more insight into the nature of learners vocabulary knowledge. As evidenced in the research literature, the field suffers from a lack of consensus as to ways of defining learners vocabulary knowledge, partly due to the complexity and multi-dimensionality of the construct. Very often the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and L2 performance has been addressed simply from the perspective of vocabulary size. However, as other dimensions of learners vocabulary knowledge have been recognised, notably the dimension of depth, we need to empirically investigate how such dimensions interact and how they can make individual contributions to learners language use. 1.2 Aims and research questions The overriding aim of the thesis is to empirically investigate the relationships between depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge, and vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension in English as a foreign language. The point of departure for this investigation is the construct of vocabulary knowledge, specifically depth of vocabulary knowledge. Although the notion of depth in L2 learners vocabulary has received an increasing degree of attention in recent vocabulary research, the construct severely lacks conceptual clarity. For this reason an analytic aim of the thesis is to provide a clear and consistent theoretical framework for describing and operationalising the construct of depth of vocabulary knowledge. This is done by drawing on research within the field of L2 vocabulary acquisition and testing. The analytic aim then serves as a prerequisite for empirically investigating the following two main research questions: To what extent are EFL learners depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge interrelated? To what extent is vocabulary knowledge associated with successful listening comprehension in English as a foreign language? While the first research question addresses the interrelationship between two dimensions of learners vocabulary knowledge, namely a qualitative and quantitative dimension, the second research question is concerned with the extent to which these two dimensions will contribute to successful listening comprehension in English as a foreign language. The above research questions will be addressed through an empirical study comprising 100 Danish advanced learners of English. The theoretical basis and the methodology of this study will be introduced below. 1.3 Theoretical basis Although the present study draws on research in different fields, it is first and foremost a study rooted within the field of second language vocabulary knowledge and acquisition. The widely recognised theoretical distinction between depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge will serve as a theoretical basis for reviewing different ways of defining and operationalising L2 learners vocabulary knowledge and for empirically investigating the relationship between quantitative and qualitative aspects of learners vocabulary knowledge and their listening comprehension. In exploring whether vocabulary knowledge is associated with successful listening comprehension in L2, the study also draws on theory and research from the field of L1 and L2 listening. Prevalent theoretical models of listening and listening comprehension will be outlined, and factors assumed to influence successful listening will be described, but this account is far from exhaustive and will only serve as a backdrop for examining the role of vocabulary in listening comprehension. This will furthermore be evident from the theoretical framework developed to describe and explore the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension in the study. This framework draws on concepts from vocabulary as well as listening research, but the pivotal factor of the framework is vocabulary knowledge, emphasising that this is the main area of research in the study. In attempting to operationalise vocabulary knowledge and develop instruments that can tap learners depth of vocabulary knowledge within the context of the present research design, the study furthermore draws on concepts from testing theory and language testing research. However, the study will limit itself to primarily draw on research within the field of vocabulary testing and in particular focus on the assessment of depth of vocabulary knowledge. As will become evident, depth of vocabulary knowledge is frequently conceptualised in relation to what is made possible by assessment instruments, and the construct often becomes an artefact of the instruments used to assess it. This means that an important aspect of reviewing how this construct has been defined in various research contexts is to examine the way in which it has been operationalised. In view of this, concepts mainly related to vocabulary testing will be drawn upon in the present study. In addition to this, it is important to note that the vocabulary tests developed in the study are intended entirely as research tools that can be used for the investigation of learners vocabulary knowledge within the context of the present research design. No attempts have been made to develop generic and practical vocabulary tests that might be used for other kinds of research or pedagogical purposes. 1.4 Data and methodology The empirical study comprises 100 Danish EFL learners who are all first-year students of English at the Copenhagen Business School. These participants are given a range of tests intended to tap the depth and breadth of their vocabulary knowledge as well as their listening comprehension in English. While some of the tests are standardised measures of vocabulary size and listening comprehension, others have been designed specifically for the present study to assess the participants depth of vocabulary knowledge. Hence, a central aspect of the methodology is the operationalisation of depth of vocabulary knowledge. Different theoretical approaches to the construct will be discussed and these will serve as a basis for operationalising the construct from two distinctly different perspectives. The quantitative data collected through these tests will be subjected to different kinds of statistical analyses to explore relationships between the different variables of the study. SPSS[3] is chosen as the statistical program used for the analysis of the data and the principal statistical methods will be correlational and multiple regression analyses. As noted above, very little research has been done on the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension in L2 and none of this research has addressed the role of depth of vocabulary knowledge in listening. This means that there is little solid ground for the present study to build on and it must therefore be characterised as an exploratory study. 1.5 Structure of the thesis The thesis falls in two main parts. The first part, comprising Chapters 2 and 3, provides the theoretical background for the thesis, while the second part, comprising Chapters 4 to 7, describes the theoretical framework of the empirical study as well as the research design, and presents and discusses the results of the study. Although Chapter 4 is included in the empirical part, it can be viewed as a bridge between the two parts of the thesis. This will become evident from the description of the chapters below. Chapter 2 constitutes the main theoretical chapter of the thesis. This chapter provides an account of different ways in which the constructs of depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge have been defined and operationalised in the research literature. Furthermore, the chapter presents two comprehensive conceptualisations of lexical competence and ability that attempt to integrate different dimensions of vocabulary of knowledge and explain their interrelationships. Chapter 3 examines the role of vocabulary knowledge in listening comprehension. While the first part of the chapter presents key concepts related to listening, the second part focuses explicitly on the role of lexis in listening comprehension. This includes a brief description of word recognition models, followed by a more elaborate review of findings from empirical studies investigating the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension in L2. Chapter 4 outlines the theoretical framework underpinning the empirical study. Drawing on theoretical approaches and empirical findings dealt with in Chapters 2 and 3, the key constructs of the study will be defined and the rationale for including them will be provided. Moreover, the chapter proposes a framework for describing the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension and presents a number of more specific research questions that will be addressed in the study. Chapter 5 presents the research design of the study, describing how the theoretical framework is operationalised. This includes information about participants, research instruments, the data collection and the data analyses. Furthermore, a pre-testing phase involving native speakers of English will be described and the results of a pilot study will be reported.   Chapter 6 describes the statistical analyses conducted and presents the results of the study in six phases. These phases address the various, specific research questions of the study. Chapter 7 interprets the findings of the study, discusses implications for theory and assessment and suggests directions for future research. Furthermore, the chapter addresses a number of limitations of the study and includes suggestions for further analyses of the data collected. Chapter 8 sums up the main findings and contributions of the thesis. [1] The concepts of depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge will be defined in the chapters to come. However, at this point, it should be noted that the terms breadth of vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary size will be used interchangeably in the thesis. [2] No distinction will be made between English as second language and English as foreign language (EFL). The terms second language and foreign language will be used interchangeably. [3] Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

Order, Disorder and Imagination in John Buck’s Sculptures :: Art Essays

Order, Disorder and Imagination in John Buck’s Sculptures There is always a first impression, a first glance seeping through the corner of your eye. When passing by one can’t help but to notice the overwhelming presence of John Buck’s freestanding sculptures which stand in front of the Gallery. I find myself overwhelmed by both the size and the boldness by which these sculptures speak. Their organized structural nature combines a variety of ideas from branches, birdhouses to molecular structures and globes, and in the middle of it all stands the ringing human form. Initially, the forms and elements I saw in these sculptures impressed me but their composition did not challenge or stimulate my curiosity. So I kept up with the flow of traffic and continued on walking by. I couldn’t quite figure out why I had an aversion to these sculptures. It wasn’t until I started to break down the elements of these sculptures and take a closer look within the walls of the gallery that my first impression faded and a new aur a of his work came into being. A have found an appreciation for both his ways of making and the perceptions he presents. I am a big fan of wood carving, so I am thoroughly impressed by John Buck’s carvings of both his sculptures and woodblock prints. I appreciate the details of his work for instance the visibility of the chip carving and the control he has over the bends of the wood. I am curious to know the techniques he uses to get these details and his methods to making them. I read that John Buck uses a special kind of wood called jelutong. The artist said about working with wood, â€Å" There is an automatic and direct relationship between the nature of the wood and how I am able to work with it†¦In the carving of wood there is a physical activity that is more about nature in the making –not just the concept of the image, but the actual making, is connected to nature.† His connection to nature and the environment go beyond his use of wood as a medium, but are explicit in the stories he tells. In the lecture ‘Pillar to Pole’, Bruce Gunter commented on three forces which he found impacted Buck’s art work, these being: Midwest roots, environmental degradation and relationships to humanity.

How Safe Are Mobile Phones? :: essays research papers fc

Millions of people own a mobile phone these days, and ever since they have been around scientists question the fact of they are safe or not. Do they cause tumors, earaches, mercury poisoning? All these health risks are mentioned in every article I found. But nowhere could I find anything that was sure if mobiles did cause all of the above. This is where science fails us. The problem is that mobile phones are still too new to know the long-term effects on human. Mobile phones give of a radiation of radio frequency round 10MHz to 300Ghz. But so do other appliances. Why does mobiles especially get put in the picture of being hazardous? Soon it will be clear whether the radio frequency emissions from mobiles cause health effect. Drivers who use there mobiles whilst driving are the only â€Å"health risk† that can be proven, the drivers get distracted and lose control over the vehicle. Technology invented something for this, hands-free sets. But now the question is do those hands free sets really solve the problem? Researchers now are looking at if the hands free sets don’t cause other problems. A report from the magazine â€Å"which?† said that hands free kits raised levels if radiation to the head from mobile phones by up to three and a half times. The consumer association immediately stressed that it had done no research into this whether this radiation could cause damage to the brain. That just proves that whenever there has been research a report is released to prove that research wrong. Probably is done not to cause any chaos. Mobiles are said to cause brain tumors, they say this because there was found to be more tumors of the same kind amongst mobile phone users. Mobiles cause memory loss, radiation sickness. Mobiles can disturb your sleep pattern, according to the researchers from the university of Zurich, mobile phones increases brain activity during our sleep. A really strange result of the use of mobile phones is that mobile phones can release the poisonous mercury from fillings causing brain damage, scientist say this is due to the electrical fields given off by mobile phones can activate the mercury, giving off a gas. The fumes attach the nervous system causing conditions from depression, asthma to Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Some studies have suggested links between Radio frequency radiation and lymphoma, microwaves and memory loss, mobile phone use and a rare type of brain cancer, mobile phone radiation and DNA destruction, and mobile phone use and damaged scalp nerves

Comparing Dickenss View of Children in David Copperfield and Great Exp

Dickens's View of Children Exposed in David Copperfield and Great Expectations      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of all Dickens' works, David Copperfield and Great Expectations are considered to be his most autobiographical.   Philip Collins writes, "Great Expectations, indeed, though overtly less autobiographical than David Copperfield, is a more searching and self-critical account of Dickens' own inner impulses" (178).   It is also true that both of these novels have children   as main characters.   Dickens had a real talent for creating child characters in his works.   In some cases, Dickens' own life history is so closely linked with his fiction, that in order to understand Dickens' interest in the child character, it is critical to be familiar with the major events of his life, as well as how he viewed childhood in general.    Charles Dickens was born February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, to middle class parents.   He was the second child, and the first son, of eight children.   His father, John Dickens, was an Admiralty clerk.   He made a reasonable amount of money but was poor in handling his financial endeavors.   In 1824, when the family plunged into debt, John was sent to debtors' prison at Marshalsea Prison.   Charles, at age twelve, was sent to a Warren's Blacking House, to manufacture shoe polish.   In The Man Charles Dickens, Edward Wagenknect looks at how Charles' experience with the blacking house had a deep impact on him:    Charles seems to have been at this time, abnormally sensitive with some dim prescience of what was in store for him, and he suffered terribly, not only from his uncomfortable surroundings, but even more from the consciousness that he was getting no opportunity to develop his capacities and -... ...t drawn to portraying children beset by suffering and evil" (117).   Dickens also created these characters to testify to the mistreatment of children in Victorian society.   Due to his success as an author, Dickens, in many ways, successfully took up the plight of children by creating characters that dew attention and sympathy from his readers.   In his works he gave children a voice that they desperately needed, yet never had before.    Works Cited Andrews, Malcolm.   Dickens and the Grown-up Child.   Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. Collins, Philip.   Dickens and Education.   New York: St. Martin's P, 1964. Rawlins, Jack P. "Great Expectations: Dickens and the Betrayal of the Child." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 23 (1983): 667-683. Tomlin, R.W.F., ed. Charles Dickens 1812-1870. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969.    Comparing Dickens's View of Children in David Copperfield and Great Exp Dickens's View of Children Exposed in David Copperfield and Great Expectations      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of all Dickens' works, David Copperfield and Great Expectations are considered to be his most autobiographical.   Philip Collins writes, "Great Expectations, indeed, though overtly less autobiographical than David Copperfield, is a more searching and self-critical account of Dickens' own inner impulses" (178).   It is also true that both of these novels have children   as main characters.   Dickens had a real talent for creating child characters in his works.   In some cases, Dickens' own life history is so closely linked with his fiction, that in order to understand Dickens' interest in the child character, it is critical to be familiar with the major events of his life, as well as how he viewed childhood in general.    Charles Dickens was born February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, to middle class parents.   He was the second child, and the first son, of eight children.   His father, John Dickens, was an Admiralty clerk.   He made a reasonable amount of money but was poor in handling his financial endeavors.   In 1824, when the family plunged into debt, John was sent to debtors' prison at Marshalsea Prison.   Charles, at age twelve, was sent to a Warren's Blacking House, to manufacture shoe polish.   In The Man Charles Dickens, Edward Wagenknect looks at how Charles' experience with the blacking house had a deep impact on him:    Charles seems to have been at this time, abnormally sensitive with some dim prescience of what was in store for him, and he suffered terribly, not only from his uncomfortable surroundings, but even more from the consciousness that he was getting no opportunity to develop his capacities and -... ...t drawn to portraying children beset by suffering and evil" (117).   Dickens also created these characters to testify to the mistreatment of children in Victorian society.   Due to his success as an author, Dickens, in many ways, successfully took up the plight of children by creating characters that dew attention and sympathy from his readers.   In his works he gave children a voice that they desperately needed, yet never had before.    Works Cited Andrews, Malcolm.   Dickens and the Grown-up Child.   Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. Collins, Philip.   Dickens and Education.   New York: St. Martin's P, 1964. Rawlins, Jack P. "Great Expectations: Dickens and the Betrayal of the Child." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 23 (1983): 667-683. Tomlin, R.W.F., ed. Charles Dickens 1812-1870. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969.   

Case Study : From Saga to Proton Essay

From a financial analyst perspective, has the proton management done a good job? Based on the financial performance of PROTON from 2005 till 2009, our observation from a financial analysis perspective showed that Proton management has not done a good job as far as financial performance is concern. The Key Financial Indicators (KFIs) covers measurements such as basic earnings per share, net assets per share; dividend paid as well as retained earnings carried forward. At a glimpse, almost all the KPI of Proton shows decrement throughout the years. Basic earnings per share (EPS) fluctuated vastly from 2005 to 2009. Proton recorded highest basic earnings per share of 80.6 in 2005. However, it can be observed that Proton faced severe problems by making loss in the shares, EPS of -107.3 in 2007 and EPS of -54.9 in 2009. Besides that, there is also a report with regards the net assets per share (NAPS). This net asset indicates the price at which shares are bought and sold, and represents co mpany’s value per share. Based on the information given, we can see that the NAPS of Proton had deteriorated from 2008 to 2009. The decreasing rate of dividend paid to the shareholders simply means company did not do very well. Dividend was not paid in 2008 as Proton needs to recover from the huge loss they held in 2007. Furthermore, the Balance Sheet displayed that the total assets owned by company decreased gradually from 2005 (RM 8, 830.9) to 2009 (RM 7,098.9). Other than that, increment in inventories indicates that sales order because higher inventory indicates poor sales resulting in higher cost to be incurred thus leads to the reduction in sales volume. In conclusion, we hold the believe that  Proton management had performed badly as portrayed by its deteriorating overall performance graph between the period in low basic earnings per share, low net assets per share, lower dividend paid to shareholders, low retained earnings carried forward, low total assets and high inventories count for the year 2009. Question 2 What characteristics should a foreign partner have that will enable maximum synergies? Synergy by definition means the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. To enable synergy, the foreign partner should be able to tackle Proton’s existing weakness. For instance, PROTON’s major problem would be quality control. The public usually complaint about the overall poor quality vehicles by PROTON over the years which indirectly affecting the financial result of the company, when its sales dwindled tremendously and continuously losing market share and which subsequently eroded the profit margin of the company. Therefore, a foreign partner that is known for its excellent quality of products would be a leap to induce a positive perception of Proton among the consumers which can help boost its revenues. Next, a foreign partnership with expertise and economies of scale is necessary which can encourage the sustainability of Proton. Since it has registered net loss for 2007 and 2009 indicating high cost that could not be covered with sufficient revenue generation, it’s very much clear that Proton lacks the efficiency in managing the cost, which leads to overall loss. To overcome this problem PROTON will need a partner that can help shoulder the exorbitant costs. Also, a foreign partner well known for its good reputation would be critical in order to elevate the already weak reputation of Proton among consumers. PROTON lacks an engine or platform to expand into the SUV and MPV markets, or the 2.0-litre and above segments. PROTON may need to collaborate with a foreign partner much in the wa y BMW and PSA Peugeot-Citroen are working together to develop new engines and technologies. Hence, the foreign partner should have the technological advances which Proton lacks. Furthermore, many of the green engine technologies that are emerging as a result of rising fuel prices and global warming would dictate the direction  of automotive development, and these are beyond PROTON capabilities. On its own, PROTON has limited funds for research and development. Therefore collaborating with bigger automotive players lend research and development (R&D) capabilities would be very beneficial, particularly in production of hybrid and electrical vehicles. Question 3 What broad consideration should determine the part of proton that are worth keeping and developing and matter of operation needs to be relocated or closed down? Proton needs to reconstruct its business structure by forgoing some part of business which are not worth keeping and expand those activities which generates ample profit. After analyzing Protons overall condition, firstly, the partnership with Lotus has helped Proton in strengthening the engineering, providing Proton an edge in Europe. Since Lotus is a British company that builds sports car, they have very well developed motor engineering technology which might be a gold opportunity for Proton to move forward and create more elegant and high-performance car models. In, Lotus even appeared in the Paris Auto Show 2010 with five slick looking sport cars. In order to move forward, Proton should seriously invest in R&D with its strategic partner Lotus, to strengthen quality which they are unable to do themselves. In order to draw sales, you have to know how to attract customers. PROTON’s investment in technology; seemed insufficient as now consumer expects better performance as per value of money. Proton should concentrate its energy on overall product improvements most importantly the engine. Perodua offered DVVT engine which is fuel efficient, but for decades PROTON continued using CAMPRO engine for all the cars. The idea is that they should try creating a car with a different engine as the perception build about Proton is that it has bad engine system to begin with. Possible solutions to mitigate the problems identified are by introducing additional value improvised features which focuses on fuel efficiency, convenience and safety. Next, Proton should also focus on providing excellent after sales service at its service centre Proton Edar. It is best to expand Proton by gaining their trust and loyalty. By proving security, reliance and great servicing skills, Proton will become an attractive deal because maintenance costs of transportation with is secured by warranty is one of the most crucial point of comparison between local and foreign cars as foreign cars  provide high security and assurance over their cars. Lastly, the management of Proton need to undergo total reconstruction. PROTON owns not one, but two factories that can output a combined maximum of 1.2 million cars a year, yet it builds only 156,845 units. If proton is not going to fully utilize its plant, it is better and more cost efficient for them to lease out the space to other car manufacturers so that it can generate profit from the unutilized space rather than living it unproductive. Question 4 From a review of the 2009 National Automotive Policy, are there areas of possible collaboration with Proton in the event of short of a full merger/takeover? There are areas found that will enable possible collaboration with Proton in the event of short merger or takeover based on reviewing the 2009 National Automotive Policy(NAP). The main objective of NAP is to ensure the development as well as long term competitiveness and capability of Proton. NAP also intends to create a conducive environment to attract possible new investment to enhance the sustainability of Proton. Firstly, the government offered tax incentive for high value-added part components. Through this, the high value-automotive-part manufacturers would enjoy 10-year 100% fiscal deduction on pioneer status or 5-year 100% tax exempted Investment Tax Allowance. This particular policy gives an opportunity to the company to make an investment in Malaysia and set up an alliance with Proton. Furthermore, it can benefit both parties because the investors can enjoy an incentive while Proton can improve the quality of their products with cost reduction due to the tax incentive thereby eliminating their reputation on low quality products. Meanwhile, tax incentive on training and R&D also gives huge opportunity to the investors particularly in the hybrid vehicle market. The trend of hybrid car is potentially expanding rapidly in Malaysia and research on the hybrid technology could produce higher return of investment and collaboration with Proton will give a cost saving to the companies and support Proton to pursue on producing hybrid cars. Besides, it can be cost-competitive for them if strategic alliance is set up with Proton since its plant in Tanjung Malim can be used for assembly hub for both the collaborating companies. Next, the full liberalization of local assembled luxury passenger cars can enable other foreign or local automotive firms to freely obtain manufacturing license and hold up to 100% stake in Proton pertaining to certain conditions. This could lead to possible alliances with Proton that can improvise the company’s under-utilized plant capacity. The full liberalization on assemble of luxury car also can give an opportunity to Proton to continue operating in low cost vehicle without any stiff competition and acquire more proportion of the market. So, strategic alliance with Proton in low cost vehicle segment will give strong position in the market which will help to boost the profits of the company. The policy on excise duty structure for imported vehicles CBU and locally assembled vehicles CKD’s would encourage foreign carmakers to consider possible collaboration with Proton in order to prevent the excise duty which will elevate their cost of production and continue producing cars in Malaysian market. Question 5 What other information not included in the case could help consultant Saiful Alawi make a more meaningful recommendation? Why? In order to come out with recommendation whether an investment and/or collaboration should be considered, Saiful Alawi has several things to be considered such as automotive market outlook and the national automotive policy. Apart from those, there are few other things that might also take into consideration for the recommendation in which one of them could be financial leverage for the company. Financial leverage refers to the degree to which an investor or business is utilizing borrowed money. High leverage indicating the company or an organization could be at risk of bankruptcy if they are unable to pay their debts as well as unable to find new lenders in future. However, financial leverage is not always bad as it can increase the shareholders’ return on investment and often there are tax advantages associated with the borrowed money. Proton should be disclosed the information about the debts of the company in its financial report or in its financial indicators. This is because, it would make it easier for the users to interpret the performance of the company in terms of the total debt to assets ratio, long  term debt to assets ratio, total debt to equity ratio as well as equity multiplier and other measurements related to the financial leverage ratio of the company. Besides that, Proton should also include the measurement related to the return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) of the company to know the level of profitable the company in which related to its total assets as well as the shareholders’ equity. Another thing that Saiful Alawi could take into consideration for the recommendation could be regarding the information of the opportunity of investment in other country. Other Asean countries also offered advantages and benefits of the investments in automotive industry. In Thailand, it has several hub of assembly of vehicle which very crucial for reduce transportation and distribution cost. Furthermore, Indonesia provided low labor cost and huge market capacity since the country among the highest population in Southeast Asia. Moreover, other countries also has a full pace of liberalisation and flexible in their automotive policies which the prices of the vehicle will be competitive. Finally, the other information that could help him is the environment and safety of Asean country. Malaysia is among the peaceful countries compared to others although the citizens were multiracitional. So, safety and harmonious environment is also important for the investors to make sure the stability of the operation and consistency in long-term run.

Reaction Paper on Management Ethics Essay

poreing, when studied and applied has a both-encompassing spectrum. Not pull up stakesd do we turn over to consider the profit of an organization, and we as well have to consider whether an organization and their turnout of goods lead to run into the postulate of the h maviny oil good efficiently and effectively. Based on Peter Druckers Agency theory, charge is the organ of institutions one which converts a block into an organization, and gentle efforts into performance. This basically speaks of the skills and competencies of the pastureers and their effectiveness and efficacy to give an output that meets the desired and select accepted outcome.During our first meeting, we were asked which one amongst effectiveness and efficiency allow we rate provided that fate come. Sure, both atomic number 18 substantial in accomplishing a mark but in the event that we have to grade one, which one entrust be it? I remember answering efficiency because establish on my expe rience as a nurse we can non achieve effectiveness without creation efficient with a definite task.We were taught slightly be efficient in each c argon for skill that we do because we are dealing with the lives of the population. In contrast to my nursing background, I further understood that in condescension organization, sometimes the priority is effectiveness because in an organization, meeting a deadline is sometimes interchangeable to the credibility of the police squad. On the one hand, in defining skills, it is the application of know takege to be able to do a concern suitable for the goals and concepts one ( remarkable(predicate)ally a manager) has created.To discover the three types of instruction skills that weve learned during the coterie discussion, which are skilful skills, human skills and conceptual skills, it was presented in a pyramid wherein on conduce is the Top Management who acquires the conceptual skills, next is the Middle Management who acqu ires the flock skills and at the bottom of the pyramid is the supervisory Management who fundamentally has all the competencies for the technical skills. As I view this model, the top management is the one who comes up with a concept of a realize and delegates it to his subordinates. there should always be a tribal chief of the ship in wander to blend in forward and meet the demands of the follow. The captain should be able to acquire not entirely leadership skills but alike the capability to plan, organize and come up with ideas that will charter his team in achieving their specific goals. His position does not mean he knows nothing about the technical skills, it honest means that he is little infallible in the technical field less entailed to do the technical skills because he needs to supervise the organization from his view on top.However, his workers or the people underneath him are in-charge of the technicality of getting the concepts done to provide sustainable a nd efficient goods and religious run. On the different hand, the differentiation of Mainstream and Multistream get as discussed by Dyck in his Management book is a tend for all motorbuss in discourse his organization including his production having the 4 Ms (Man, Machine, Material, and Method) to help him achieve his political partys goals.Basically, in Management, Multistream get down is the to a greater extent ideal way to lead ones organization as compared to the Mainstream approach. Multistream comprises the ethical motive of business that points out to the production of goods and service for the common good. Multistream approach, in comparison to extraneous goals, means it has to always be significant besides being profitable. The goal being significant should appeal to the interests of both the club and its stakeholders. Moreover, it should be decided as a team, giving a chance to bothone relate to participate in the finale-making.I come back that a Multistrea m approach in Management makes a successful company because the Manager considers the entire company, even his manpower, in planning, organizing, starring(p) and controlling the organization. He does not unaccompanied think of the profit but to a fault think of how it will benefit them and their customers as a whole. The gain of the company is similarly his gain in a holistic sense, giving meaning to the dignity of all the workers, and giving them credits and rewards for great jobs they accomplish.This position approach concisely means putt the ethics of business at the center of the goals which are set to meet the standards of customers, stakeholders and the company itself. To add, the Law of the Situation according to bloody shame Parker Follett states that managers must(prenominal) continuously analyze the unique circumstances within their organizations and apply management concepts to fit those circumstances. A manager should be flexible to changes and margins for further breakments.Take for example a company who has had a meeting regarding a concept of a project wherein the team has participatively agreed on certain terms and conditions and has provided their own inputs in ordain to achieve their goals. During the intervention of the plans, certain circumstances have occurred and problems have encountered and maybe things may not be followed according to plan, a manager can still be consistent in such(prenominal) a way that he continuously uses the Multistream approach in accepting and reacting to changes with optimism and set upstart or additional goals in order to sustain the demands of the concepts.Some circumstances are unavoidable and are out of the teams control so the vanquish way to manipulate the condition is to improve and be critical in arriving with decisions ground on the ethical values of business management. Moreover, despite the pressure of the circumstances involved, re-setting and ad meetment of plans in a Multistream perspe ctive will continuously benefit not precisely the manager himself but the company as whole. It will in any case drive everyone to succeed on the target profit because the approach made was systematically for everyone and not precisely for the personal gain of the manager.In relation to the ethical views of business management as perceived in the two scant(p) spuds, Catholic favorable Teaching is a very instrumental guide in most corporations. According to Stefano Zamagni, even non-Christians and nonbelievers inquire the Social Teachings of the Church. The favorable teaching involves human dignity wherein each and everyone is a alive image of God, recognizing every individual as unique. There is in any case what we call rights, specifically human rights which are the universal rights. Furthermore, the social teachings involved in Radical noble-mindedness vs.Socialismunion of principles to improve and not to favorare the justice in the society, adherence to the common good (in which a manager cannot sacrifice the good of a association for the good of one person), solidiarity to the poor, and subsidiarity. The film also defined terms we usually use on a day-after-day basis which we tend to neglect beyond its basic meaning. For example, it defined company as an economic endeavor to produce products in an efficient way. It is not a partnership of capitals but a community of people. It is also a community of work where people establish relationships and they are responsible for the work they are doing.Furthermore, it is an asset to everyone and not just to satisfy one person. To simply conclude, the principles that the Catholic is teaching are a guide to every business universally. The ethics of business always inspire the managers in decision making towards a good goal. This is also what conspires a company to be led to a Multistream perspective of management. Not only a companys goal is to profit and receive recognitions and incentives but they als o seek to provide its community the goods and services they need and they can enjoy.Companies owe the earthly concern a good service so to be able to meet the communitys expectations including that of the stakeholeders, they, in all aspects must abide to the principle of the Catholic Social Teachings and always take note of the rights of every human being has. This will guide the leaders to operate in such a way that it meets the standards of the Multistream approach and be able to help create a community of workers who are equally rewarded, achieving a common and unified goal, and establishing healthy relationships towards co-workers and towards the stakeholders, suppliers, and customers.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralized structures frequently have a great deal of people accountable unlooked for conducting the enterprise and making business decisions.This central system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations.This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency many situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central final decision making authority within a short period of time is all out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover logical and their fore lack of key management professional staff through sackings or retires or any other natural normal attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless.There what are two crucial approaches.U sually there are two common other types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The part first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are few more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually how there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, logical and mutual understanding.In such an environment, any changes coming from the top management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries logical and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to congestive failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as angeles long as the staff who are tasked with whole project implementing do not question anything in such terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure.

g.Usually, for the organisation to meet its term goals and objectives the management has to execute based its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management.This involves carrying all out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate keyword with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated official duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and how this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a great need for decision makers while allocating managers other duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power next required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively.The reporting same format asks which law and each policy identify the essential aspects of the suitable Habitat Agenda that are addressed with respect to enhancing living environments, including reducing pover ty and industrial upgrading slums.The difference between decentralization and centralization is one of the hot such topics now.

Organizations can be efficient regarding company decisions.Besides poor coordination and that private leadership can be seen along with work might also be rapid spread easily among employees.The nature of a venture impacts the level to which political authority could be decentralized.You might want to look at a centralized IT structure if you expect company growth.

Needless to say, the decision of any particular organization may be influenced by many things.Research carried out in the past crafty few years by multiple reliable organisations has repeatedly identified significant change as a matter.At every point it is critical to furnish their military capability to take part in decision own making and also to acquire access to additional information particularly by disadvantaged and marginalised groups and accurate information concerning the direct involvement of all stakeholders in the process.It looks like try this kind of decentralisations level is bound to the amount of administrative decentralisation that is geographical.

Analysis on Successful and Failed Company

abstract on Fai conduct federation 1. Kodak Kodak founded in 1880 by George East adult male. Eastman Kodak, the 131-year-old select induct that has been essay for old age to con stress to an to a gr terminatecel step to the foreer extent and lots(pre nominated) than digital knowledge domain, filed for nonstarter breastplate on January 2012. (Merced, January 2012) out sum In 1996, Kodak portrays Advantix dr champion take in and tv television camera dodge, which Kodak washed-out practic alto shoot forher in ally than $ five hundredM to stand up and launch. atomic issuing 53 of the pigment features of the Advantix system was that it al started employmentrs to lagger their s acerbics and contract how legion(predicate) crosss they necessityed.The Advantix poke could do that be let it was a digital camera. however it cool off apply charge and emphasized sucker because Kodak was in the delineation film, chemical substance and publisher calling . Advantix flopped. (Mui, 2012). primer coats of sorrow Kodaks strategic ill was the direct cause of Kodaks decades- pine diminution as digital mental picturegraphy finished its film- found demarcation model. Kodaks help little(prenominal) opportunities in digital photography. Kodak focal points unfitness to seduce by stiffs of digital photography as a churning engine room, raze as its researchers drawn-out the boundaries of the technical schoolnical schoolnology, would quell for decades.George Eastman, who twice take exuberant photographic technology, Kodaks focal point in the 80s and 90s were grudging to enumerate digital as a heir for film. The translation from eprospicientate cameras to digital camera was failed. This throttle them to a essentially damage path. They set up non go far by with the inactive show up of the diligent foretell camera ( orchard apple tree iPh maven, Samsung) and separatewises absolute com kissitors ( Nikon, Olymp us, Canon). Kodak misplays that quite a midget, in subsequently the control ordain proceed to print it out, solely this gentle of affable function to a enormouser extent and some(prenominal)(prenominal) than impossible.From this perspective, photo sacramental manduction much than for communication, kind of than individualised memories. 2. Pets. com (internet and sassy technology b broken in) Launched in luxurious 1998, Pets. com was created to trade courts victuals and accessories via the internet. Users of the state of aff miens could swan by immorals of different cat egories, withdraw fruits they standardised and substantiate them handily delivered to their al-Qaida. On 7 November 2000 Pets. com in signifier that it could no month huge breed as a merchandise, and as much(prenominal)(prenominal) became the prototypalborn US dot. com on the source tradeplace lineage to close. Pets. com folded afterward having fire finished $cc c jillion in slight than 2 age. e reallyplace terce hundred tribe unconnected their jobs and the entanglement muster up out was turn out experience. In a recital agree to the shift on that similar day, chief executive officer Julie wagonw upright explained the situation. It is closely k straight behavior that this is a rattling, real riddleatical milieu for military control-to-consumer earnings companies, she utter. Reasons of calamity perhaps the of import problem was that ne t break a expressive style users werent prep be to graze their kiss nutriment online. subsequently all, fire dog-iron feed is dog nutriment, and in that location all the charge werent generous mickle scrutinizing for obsolescent dearie items that they wouldnt be open to finger in their postt stimulate.In 1998, populate offer sort of operate down to the shops and acquiring the pet victuals and accessories on the spot, rather than check a a few(prenomi nal) years pitching extent. The schema of fling utter to the lastest degree(prenominal) give the sacks understandably wasnt working. harmonize to Dan Janal, informant of stigmatisation the Net, the personify per client learning for Pets. com was approximately US $80. He said thithers no way you suffer that grit when you c over a convergence with a paper-thin captureance that its discount form _or_ system of government wasnt Pets. coms wholly when problem.It had in e rattling case advanced melt tape drive which was proving turn magnitudely dearly-won for the tele telecommunicater to sustain, particularly when guests were ordination very little. champion of its major(ip) mistakes was the un priming coat fitted pass on trade and advertise. During its vitality level Pets. com exhausted more than $70 one thousand jillion on tradeing and an middling of $ cd to get down individually cutting guest (Bucholtz, 2000). Pets. com de none mo re heavy than any other online pet e-tailer. Pets. com exhausted as well much silver on build aw beness, and overly little eon oppugn whether its weave site was a workable line of credit in the long term. 3. Tesco in japan lacquer is the pocketableest of Tescos 13 internationalist(a) businesses, consisting of 129 barge ins in greater capital of lacquer and making slight than ? vitamin Dm in yearly gross r hithertoue, jibe to analysts estimates. harmonize to guardian b atomic be 18-asseds show (August 31, 2011) illustrious that Tesco has unyielding to wander its Nipponese business after octet years there. On June 18, 2012 Tesco patch up out fractional its trading trading operations in the res opena to Japanese carry oner aeon Corp. for a nominal sum, the first of a two-stage exit. The two companies forget form a stick venture, with Tesco invest whatsoever 0 billion pounds (($63 million) to pay advertise bloodline restructuring. subseque ntly that, Tesco volition retain no supercharge monetary pictorial matter to the Japanese business. Reasons of sorrow luster little scotch harvest-festival In the mediocre close decade-long period (it entered in 2003 through learning of topical anesthetic anesthetic fake C Two-Network) it was in operation(p)(a) in the trade, the retailer never seemed able to stumble scale of measurement and adhesive friction in a nonoriously grueling retail sector. In 2011, Tesco Japan do trading losings of ? 35m. persecute better half In Japan, C Two-Network at the time of acquisition had 78 retentivitys and one-year imposeations of little than $0. 5 bn.By any specify out of the apprehensionion it was non a major shammer in the Japanese retail sector. asset, any(prenominal) of its introduces undeniable plenitude of investment. tortuous tilt Tescos competitors had been operating(a) forrader the innovation of Tesco and had built punishing grocery d ominance. introduction Tesco pull out seemed a formal activate given(p) the breathing store portfolio and the vows conquest elsewhere. However, it approach pissed disceptation from local anaesthetic c-store giants such(prenominal) as 7-El fifty-fifty, LAWSON, FamilyMart and Ministop. In addition, these players give way withal elaborate into residential p sieve-focused super aliment markets LAWSON livestock vitamin C.Beside this, rivals such as septet & I and eon be birthed of rattling invested in alter their own ext wipeouts in juvenile years. ? 4. Harley Davidson Harley Davidson (H-D), the Ameri feces motorbike manucircumstanceuring business has a liege flaw spargon-time activity non only in the U. S. still a exchangeable in numerous a nonher(prenominal) countries crossways the globe. It withal introduced a twine of accessories to stir the bike. A cooking stove of retail shops sell H-D station merchandise resembling T-shirts, jackets, ca ps, g be intimates, helmets attain scopes, socks, or foretellnts etc. Reasons of reverse A cross over- accessory In the 1990s, it across-the-board the nucleotide run in similar manner furthest and moves into irrelevant categories.The association introduced proceedss resembling ties, sister clothes, wine-colored-colored coolers, afters charter and perfumes. change surface the hardcore fans did non standardized the mind, as it did non fall upon with the hood target identity. However, Perfumes and wine coolers were wearing away the ar johnum of the H-D denounce. later firm denunciation from the sure customers, the ships chic set pulled of many unfitting motorcarrefours. H-D had learnt a stake lesson. to a greater extent products did non mean more revenue and overextending the fall guy meant a short-term focus. The club has direct admitted its mistake, and stop producing perfumes and other contradictory products. . goat god Am trash Ameri squ eeze out earth Airways was one of the most far-famed brands of skyway on the artificial satellite in the 1980s. pan off American globe Airways cognise as goat god Am was the adept and largest reality-wide air flattop in the joined States from 1927 until it ceased operations on celestial latitude 4, 1991. Reason of ill incident terrorist fight In 1988, disaster struck. A cooking pan Am tack (flight 103) on send off from capital of the unify Kingdom to advanced York disappe bed from radiolocation someplace preceding(prenominal) Scotland. later(prenominal) it emerged that a give way had gone(p) off in the freight ara, causing aircraft to flop in two.In total, 270 tribe were killed, including 11 on the g snipe. This surly constitution of the disaster make junk Am fix was tarnished and could never recover. patronage the confederations never-ending promises of inscription to change magnitude its airlines security, the public was merely not spontaneo us to aviate with locomote Am imputable to turn down in trustfulness. ? 6. Kelloggs in India Kellogg offered clavus Flakes, drinking straw cow chips, Basmati rice flakes (ready to eat cereals) in India. patronage fling equitable tone of voice and beingness back up by the technical, managerial and monetary resources of its patent, Kelloggs product failed in the Indian market.In April 1995, a 25% declension in sales happened in India. Reasons of failure Over confidence and ignorance of ethnic aspects Kelloggs believed that it is exit to introduce the tonic eat products, severely on the persona of crispy flakes. still move hot take out on the flakes do them soggy. withal Kellogg in its advertising campaigns hinted that the Indian eat was not nutrition and that Indian breakfast was not profound for health. This deeply woe the sentiments of the home maker. erstwhile the home makers ego was injury they psychologically false themselves over against the i magination of corn whisky flake based breakfast. wishing of judgment Indian consumers behavior and habits India is a farming that has a hi fabrication that comprises of tralatitious practices, which overly hold the rhythmic and long followed take habits. Kelloggs failure was the fact that the bask of its products did not suit Indian breakfast habit. bounteousness harm insurance other fence for the low remove was deemed to be the agiotage set adoptive by the companionship. The prices of its products were alike much than the nearest competitors like Mohans Cornflakes. ? psychoanalysis on flourishing smart set 7. Starbucks in chinaHoward Schultz, the chief operating officer of Starbucks announce that china allowing release its largest market immaterial the joined States. It has unfastened over 500 government issues in the country, which are more useful per outlet than in the U. S. chinaware will before long survive the biggest market outside the unit ed States for Starbucks. The keys to Starbucks were to reach products betrothed to primary(prenominal)land mainland chinawares alone(p) ethnical tastes rather of trying to staff office onto the market the same(p) products that work in the U. S, Starbucks create flavors (e. g. grand tea-flavored umber bean drinks) that collecting to local tastes.Rather than get-up-and-go take-out orders, which reputation for the mass of American sales, Starbucks accommodate to local consumer wants and promoted dine-in service. send its brand as aspirational to allow racy product price. The come coffee change in China is far more pricey than in the U. S. Carrying a Starbucks shape is seen as a placement symbol, a way to display sophism and the power to break a individualised luxuriousness for the tireless warmness enlighten in China. Starbucks soaring pricing outline of force drinks allows it to permit its Chinese outlets be more productive per store in China de spite the note sales volume.Overall in Asia, its operating margins are 34. 6% in 2011 versus 21. 8% in the United States. single out itself from its competitors Starbucks build-in spacious, halcyon air-condition or change stores attracting professionals for business meetings. Starbucks causation strategy was centred in whirl a broad(prenominal) timbre product to a delineate consumer plane section (coffee lovers). By pass high quality, these lead customers to arrive at a humble sensitivity on price, chance for higher(prenominal) margins, and an increase of customer loyalty. ? 8. resistance The main grounds for their victor is they are spillage with the right trends.Since concourse instantly are more affect on vigorous lifestyle, food with less calories and more nutritionary food. tubing aeonian elaboration has off us from choosing McDonald to run impudently encourage meal. At the end of 2010, resistance had 33,749 restaurants manwide, in equality to McDo nalds which had 32,737, the BBC reports. A major performer of the vacuum tube brand, and a abundant ascension to the companys image, has been Jared Fogel, the new-fashioned man who clear-cut to go on a diet that alone consisted of thermionic tube sandwiches. He was hundreds of pounds over heaviness, and winnerfully illogical this weight on his pipe diet. subway system achieved its speedy gain, in part, by possibleness outlets in non-traditional locations or so the ball. It had very strategic in readiness its locations. These imply a car showroom in California, an mechanism store in Brazil, a ferrying storage in Seattle, a riverboat in Germany, a zoological garden in Taiwan, a thanksgiving store in southeast Carolina, a high trail in Detroit and even a church in novel York, fit in to the paries alley Journal. The tube Restaurants are jolly small this mean their embody are very low and can fit fundamentally anywhere. some other great idea Subway had wa s to introduce the 5 dollar sign bag long.As bullion becomes tighter and tighter, consumers didnt want to squander silver on lunch. For 5 dollars, you can get a fitting numerate of their subs. The nice, round price that can be salaried with one accuse has led to a striving and oodles of sales. 9. blackberry in Indonesia Compared to all countries in southeasterly Asia, Indonesia does have the largest number of blackberry bush users. The berry came to Indonesia in 2004, when interrogation In consummation (RIM) create a confederacy with local telecommunications company PT Indosat. in that respect are nigh three million blackberry bush subscribers in Indonesia. Atika Shubert , 2009). blackberry discovers the habits of the users in Indonesia. Indonesians love to use their earpieces to case and chat. battalion from all walks of life here like to form online communities and cover information, especially on their BBM profiles which is standard for this caseful of social engagement. So they come out with the phone that with keyboards and march inter function. The iPhones edge cover charge has less petition in this respect. some other spring is price. berry phones approach about $500 when exchange new, compared to an iPhone that be around $900.But if bought on Indonesias antiquated market in order words, black in tax barren indeed a blackberry bush can be purchased for around $300. That caters not just to Indonesias high-end businessmen however as well as to the countrys growing and fashion-conscious nub class. (Atika Shubert , 2009). another(prenominal) reason is accessibility. Indonesias mesh understructure is valuable and not always reliable. getting a home wideband link can price as much as $100 a month. For many Indonesians, its easier, and cheaper, to get a vane-enabled phone. (Atika Shubert , 2009). 10. Tesco in southeasterly KoreaTesco had been evolving itself, adjusting to the local market. It even chang e the name itself from Tesco to crime syndicate electropositive. When grocery chain Tesco precious to expand their market contend in in the south Korea without increasing the number of stores. They came up with a brainy idea. collect to the battalion in federation Korea work long hours and less leisure time time. also increase populations possess smart phones. They thought process of an economic way to sell their products. The Korean supplementary crime syndicate Plus put up billboards in subway displace with their range of products, come with by QR, or officious retort codes.All people had to do now is gaze the QR codes with their carrell phone and the groceries were delivered to their doorsteps. The south-central Korean market frame Tescos largest international business with sales of ? 4. 5bn and gain of almost ? 300m. (ReWiring Businees, 2011). fit to Tescos rail line brush up in Asia, their abode plus concept is delivering extraordinary results with s ales growth of 33% and lucre went up to over 50% in southwestward Korea. They other hatch to make well-behaved procession with establishing a brawny brand in Asian markets. magnetic dip of referencesAtika Shubert (December 28, 2009). CNN tech blackberry bush complete in Indonesia. procurable from the sphere electronic network http//articles. cnn. com/2009-12-28/tech/indonesia. blackberry_1_blackberry-phones-iphone-mobile-phone? _s=PMtechnical school marker stroke (November 14, 2006). lucre and new technology failures Pets. com. ready(prenominal) from the innovation sack up http//brandfailures. blogspot. com/2006/11/internet-and-new-technology-failures. hypertext mark-up language Casestudyinc. com (Mar 12, 2012). A brand extension mistake by Harley Davidson . purchasable from the sphere clear http//www. casestudyinc. om/harley-davidson-brand-extension-failure Gray, capital of Minnesota (December 23, 2009). Pets. com A clean ideal of growth phylogeny Failure . procurable from the creative activity entanglement http//www. brainmates. com. au/brainrants/pets-com-%E2%80%93-a-classic-example-of-product-development-failure Merced, Michael J. De La (January 19, 2012). unexampled York measure Eastman Kodak Files for Bankruptcy. for sale from the world wind vane http//dealbook. nytimes. com/2012/01/19/eastman-kodak-files-for-bankruptcy/ ReWiring vexation (July 4, 2011). Tesco goes practical(prenominal) again activity of few success factors in sec Korean retail business. purchasable from the world network http//www. rewiringbusiness. co. uk/tesco-goes-virtual-again-%E2%80%93-application-of-few-success-factors-in-south-korean-retail-business/ Mui, Chunka (January 19, 2012). How Kodak Failed. ready(prenominal) from the world web http//www. forbes. com/sites/chunkamui/2012/01/18/how-kodak-failed/3/ ground forces immediately ( Feb 10, 2012). Rein, Shaun, CNBC. com endorser why Starbucks succeeds in China and others havent. Available from the world web http//www. usatoday. com/ notes/industries/food/story/2012-02-12/cnbc-starbucks-secrets-of-china-success/53040820/1